牛津深圳版七下 Unit four Our animal friends 逐句中英对照完整版
Page 50
Key question
Why are animals important to us?
为什么动物对我们很重要？
Unit objectives
I can:
我能：
- tell stories about how animals help human beings.
讲述动物如何帮助人类的故事。
- explain why animals are important to us.
解释为什么动物对我们很重要。
- understand the relationship between humans and animals.
理解人类与动物之间的关系。
- describe how wild animals became our friends and helpers.
描述野生动物如何成为我们的朋友与帮手。
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First thoughts
Ways that animals help us
Guide dogs help blind people get around.
导盲犬帮助盲人出行。
Things animals provide
Bees provide us with honey.
蜜蜂为我们提供蜂蜜。
My experience with animals
我与动物的经历
Think
- How do animals help us?
动物如何帮助我们？
- Why are animals our friends?
为什么动物是我们的朋友？
- What can animals provide for us?
动物能为我们提供什么？
- How did wild animals become our friends and helpers?
野生动物如何成为我们的朋友和帮手？
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Section 1 Experiencing and understanding language
Reading Before you read
Look at the pictures below and discuss how animals help us.
观察下面的图片，讨论动物如何帮助我们。
Some dogs can become guide dogs. They lead the way for blind people.
一些狗可以成为导盲犬，它们为盲人引路。
Sheep are also useful animals. They provide wool so we can make warm clothes.
绵羊也是有用的动物，它们提供羊毛，我们可以制作保暖的衣物。
Page 53
A blind man and his “eyes”
1. John Dancer always travelled together with Charlie.
约翰·丹斯总是和查理一起出行。
2. One night at a hotel, Charlie saved his life.
一天晚上在一家酒店里，查理救了他的命。
3. “Good evening, sir,” said the receptionist when John arrived at the hotel.
约翰抵达酒店时，前台服务员说：“晚上好，先生。”
4. Then he saw Charlie.
随后他看见了查理。
5. “Sir, you’re welcome to stay, but we don’t allow pets here. Sorry!” he explained.
“先生，欢迎您入住，但本店不允许宠物进入。抱歉！”他解释道。
6. “Charlie isn’t a pet,” said John.
“查理不是宠物。”约翰说。
7. “He’s my eyes! I’m blind, and it’s hard for me to get around by myself.”
“他是我的眼睛！我双目失明，独自出行对我来说很困难。”
8. “I need him to show me where to go.”
“我需要他为我指引方向。”
9. The receptionist apologized and led John and Charlie to their room.
前台服务员道了歉，领着约翰和查理去了他们的房间。
10. It was late. John was very tired after a long day.
天色已晚，忙碌了一整天，约翰十分疲惫。
11. He went to bed and soon fell asleep.
他上床后很快就睡着了。
12. Charlie was sleeping beside the bed.
查理睡在床边。
13. Suddenly, Charlie started barking.
突然，查理开始吠叫。
14. John woke up and smelt smoke.
约翰醒了过来，闻到了烟味。
15. A fire started to come in from under the door.
烟雾开始从门缝下方渗进来。
16. John knew they couldn’t get out that way.
约翰知道他们无法从门口逃出去。
17. Their room was on the 8th floor, so they couldn’t climb out of the window.
他们的房间在八楼，所以不能从窗户爬出去。
18. They had to do something to stop the smoke.
他们必须想办法阻隔浓烟。
19. With Charlie’s help, John put some wet clothes along the bottom of the door.
在查理的帮助下，约翰沿着门缝底部塞上了一些湿衣服。
20. Then he got down on the floor next to Charlie and waited.
接着他趴在地上，挨着查理等待救援。
21. The minutes seemed like hours.
每一分钟都像好几个小时一样漫长。
22. Then he heard it—the sound of a fire engine.
这时他听到了——消防车的声音。
23. It was music to his ears.
这声音对他来说无比悦耳。
24. Before long, a fireman arrived and got in the room from the window.
不久后，一名消防员赶到，从窗户进入了房间。
25. When he found John, he quickly helped him get up and tried to get him out of the building.
找到约翰后，消防员立刻扶起他，准备带他离开大楼。
26. But John would not go without his “eyes”.
可约翰不愿抛下他的“眼睛”独自离开。
27. Finally, the fireman got both John and Charlie out of the building safely.
最后，消防员将约翰和查理都安全救出了大楼。
Reading strategy Making inferences from context clues
Good readers use context clues and their background knowledge to find out what the writer doesn’t directly mention in the text.
优秀的读者会利用上下文线索和自身背景知识，找出作者在文中没有直接提及的信息。
In this story, the writer doesn’t tell us who Charlie is. But with the picture and the context clues (e.g. Charlie isn’t a pet … and He’s my eyes.), we can figure out that Charlie is a guide dog.
在这个故事中，作者没有告诉我们查理是谁，但结合图片和上下文线索（例如：查理不是宠物……他是我的眼睛），我们可以推断出查理是一只导盲犬。
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Reading comprehension
1. The pictures show the story on page 53. Put the pictures in the correct order and write the numbers 1–6 in the boxes.
这些图片展示了第53页的故事，将图片按正确顺序排列，并在方框内填写数字1-6。
2. Read the story again and answer the questions.
再次阅读故事并回答问题。
(1) When and where did the story take place?
故事发生在何时何地？
One night in the hotel.
一天晚上，在一家酒店里。
(2) Why did Charlie start barking suddenly?
查理为什么突然开始吠叫？
Because there was a fire / smoke.
因为发生了火灾/有烟雾。
(3) How did John stop the smoke coming into the room?
约翰如何阻止烟雾进入房间？
He put some wet clothes along the bottom of the door.
他用湿衣服堵住了门缝底部。
(4) What does the writer mean by “It was music to his ears”?
作者说“这声音对他来说无比悦耳”是什么意思？
He felt happy and hopeful when he heard the fire engine.
听到消防车的声音，他感到开心且充满希望。
(5) What happened in the end?
最后发生了什么？
John and Charlie were saved by the fireman.
约翰和查理被消防员救下。
3. Discuss the questions below.
讨论下面的问题。
(1) Did John save Charlie, or did Charlie save John? Why?
是约翰救了查理，还是查理救了约翰？为什么？
(2) Why did John say that “Charlie isn’t a pet”? How would you describe the relationship between John and Charlie?
为什么约翰说“查理不是宠物”？你会如何描述约翰和查理之间的关系？
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Vocabulary practice
1. Complete the sentences with the words and phrases below. Change the form if necessary.
用下面的单词和短语完成句子，必要时变换形式。
allow 允许；apologize 道歉；fall asleep 入睡；fire engine 消防车；smoke 烟
(1) The restaurant doesn’t allow dogs, so we cannot bring our dog with us.
这家餐厅不允许携带狗狗，所以我们不能带我们的狗一起。
(2) We lit the fire but the smoke got in our eyes, so we had to put it out.
我们生了火，但烟进入了眼睛，所以我们不得不把火熄灭。
(3) When you apologize to someone, you say sorry to him or her.
当你向某人道歉时，你向他/她说对不起。
(4) I find it hard to fall asleep when there is a lot of noise outside.
外面噪音很大时，我很难入睡。
(5) A(n) fire engine carries water and equipment for putting out fires.
消防车装载着灭火用的水和设备。
2. Complete the passage with the words and phrases from Exercise 1. Change the form if necessary.
用练习1中的单词和短语完成短文，必要时变换形式。
The weather was really nice yesterday, so I took Flash for a walk on the beach. Flash was a retired search‑and‑rescue dog. It was hot, so I lay down on the sand. After a few minutes, I fell asleep.
昨天天气很好，所以我带着弗拉什去海边散步。弗拉什是一只退休的搜救犬。天很热，我躺在沙滩上，几分钟后就睡着了。
When I woke up, I couldn’t see Flash. I looked around the beach until I finally found him. He was barking loudly outside a small restaurant on the beach. When he saw me, Flash ran into the kitchen. The owner of the restaurant was not happy. “We don’t allow dogs in our restaurant!” he said. I apologized to the restaurant owner and went to get Flash. Then I found out why Flash was barking so loudly. There was smoke coming out of the kitchen! I told the owner and after a few minutes a(n) fire engine arrived to put the fire out. The restaurant owner said thank you to both of us and gave Flash a piece of chicken.
我醒来后看不到弗拉什，我在沙滩上四处寻找，终于找到了它。它在海边一家小餐馆外大声吠叫。它看见我后，跑进了厨房。餐馆老板很不高兴：“我们餐厅不允许狗狗进入！”我向老板道了歉，然后去带走弗拉什。后来我发现了它大声吠叫的原因：厨房冒出了浓烟！我告诉了老板，几分钟后消防车赶来扑灭了大火。餐馆老板向我们俩道谢，还给了弗拉什一块鸡肉。
3. Make sentences about what happened to John and Charlie with the words and phrases below.
用下面的单词和短语，造句描述约翰和查理的经历。
allow 允许；apologize 道歉；blind 失明的；fall asleep 入睡；get down to … 开始做……；have to do something to … 必须做某事来……；travel with 与……出行；wake up 醒来；would not go without … 不会抛下……离开；with Charlie’s help 在查理的帮助下
Collocation
We often use certain words together. This is called collocation.
我们经常把特定的单词搭配使用，这叫作词语搭配。
They arrived in London.
他们抵达了伦敦。
They arrived at a hotel.
他们入住了一家酒店。
We are running out of time.
我们快没时间了。
I turned off the light.
我关掉了灯。
Can you give more examples of collocation?
你能举出更多词语搭配的例子吗？
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Listening Different types of dogs
Think: Why are animals our friends?
思考：为什么动物是我们的朋友？
1. Different dogs can help people in different ways. Discuss in pairs how the dogs below can help people.
不同的狗狗能以不同的方式帮助人类，两人一组讨论下面的狗狗如何帮助人类。
a guide dog 导盲犬；a search‑and‑rescue dog 搜救犬；an acting dog 表演犬；a police dog 警犬；a service dog 服务犬
S1: What can a search‑and‑rescue dog do?
搜救犬能做什么？
S2: It can help find people after natural disasters.
它可以在自然灾害后搜寻失踪人员。
2. David is interviewing people about their working dogs. Listen to the interview and match the names of the dogs with their work.
大卫正在采访人们的工作犬，听录音，将狗狗名字和对应的工作连线。
Dog’s name 狗狗名字
(1) Billy 比利
(2) Suzy 苏西
(3) Winnie 温妮
(4) Bobby 鲍比
Type of working dog 工作犬类型
a acting dog 表演犬
b guide dog 导盲犬
c police dog 警犬
d search‑and‑rescue dog 搜救犬
3. Listen again and complete the notes below.
再听一遍录音，完成下面的笔记。
Billy
- Billy works at the airport.
比利在机场工作。
- Billy smells people’s bags to find (1) dangerous things.
比利嗅探人们的行李，找出危险物品。
Suzy
- Suzy is Jane’s pet dog. When two hotel guests (2) went missing, she helped the rescue team find them.
苏西是简的宠物狗。两名酒店客人失踪时，它帮助搜救队找到了他们。
- David thinks Suzy is (3) clever.
大卫认为苏西很聪明。
Winnie
- Winnie appears on TV very often.
温妮经常出现在电视上。
- She cannot act when she is (4) tired.
它疲惫时就无法表演。
Bobby
- Bobby is Tom’s (5) guide dog.
鲍比是汤姆的导盲犬。
- He helps Tom (6) get around.
它帮助汤姆出行。
4. People often say, “Dogs are man’s best friend.” What is your understanding of this sentence? Discuss in groups.
人们常说：“狗是人类最好的朋友。”你如何理解这句话？小组讨论。
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Section 2 Exploring and applying rules
Grammar A Reflexive pronouns 反身代词
We use a reflexive pronoun as the object to refer back to the subject of a sentence.
我们用反身代词作宾语，指代句子的主语本身。
We can also use a reflexive pronoun to emphasize that someone does something on his / her own.
我们也可以用反身代词，强调某人独立完成某事。
Barbara the baby sheep is talking about different farm animals. Read what Barbara says and pay attention to the words in bold.
小羊芭芭拉正在谈论不同的农场动物，阅读芭芭拉的话，注意加粗的单词。
Hi. I’m Barbara! I’m a baby sheep. I could walk by myself right after birth.
嗨，我是芭芭拉！我是一只小羊羔，我出生后就能自己走路。
That baby horse is my friend Pony. She can already run very fast by herself.
那匹小马是我的朋友波妮，它已经能自己跑得很快了。
We can both take care of ourselves now.
我们现在都能照顾自己了。
We like playing with the ducklings on the farm. Right now, they are looking at themselves in the pond. How cute!
我们喜欢和农场里的小鸭子玩耍。现在，它们正在池塘里看自己的倒影，真可爱！
Let’s sum up the rules! 规则总结
We form reflexive pronouns like this:
反身代词变化规则如下：
I — myself 我自己
you (sing.) — yourself 你自己（单数）
he — himself 他自己
she — herself 她自己
it — itself 它自己
we — ourselves 我们自己
you (pl.) — yourselves 你们自己（复数）
they — themselves 他们自己
1. Ms Zhang is introducing her dog to the host of a podcast. Use reflexive pronouns to help her complete the introduction.
张女士正在向播客主持人介绍她的狗狗，用反身代词帮她完成介绍。
We all have to take care of (1) ourselves, but we sometimes need help.
我们都必须照顾好自己，但有时我们也需要帮助。
I was very sick last month and couldn’t walk by (2) myself.
上个月我病得很重，无法自己走路。
My husband and daughter were not in the city then. Luckily, I have Bobby. Bobby is my dog, and he helped me a lot.
我的丈夫和女儿当时不在城里。幸运的是，我有鲍比，它是我的狗，帮了我很多。
He turned the lights on and off for me, brought me things and answered the door for me!
它为我开关灯、拿东西、开门！
He even got out his own food and fed (3) himself without any help from me!
它甚至自己拿食物、自己进食，不需要我帮忙！
If you need a great helper, find (4) yourself a good dog! Dogs are very clever animals, and they can do a lot of things for people.
如果你需要得力帮手，就为自己找一只好狗狗！狗狗是非常聪明的动物，能为人类做很多事。
B Prepositions of position 方位介词
We use prepositions of position (e.g. in, on, under, in front of, behind) to talk about where somebody or something is.
我们用方位介词（例如：在……里面、在……上面、在……下面、在……前面、在……后面）描述人或事物的位置。
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Jenny has two pets—Mini the Mouse and Winston the Cat. Look at the pictures below and find where they are. Pay attention to the words in bold.
珍妮有两只宠物——小老鼠米妮和猫咪温斯顿。观察下面的图片，找出它们的位置，注意加粗单词。
Mini is in a bowl.
米妮在碗里。
Winston is next to / beside the bowl.
温斯顿在碗的旁边。
Mini is on a shelf.
米妮在架子上。
Winston is under the shelf.
温斯顿在架子下面。
Mini is in front of a TV.
米妮在电视机前面。
Winston is behind the TV.
温斯顿在电视机后面。
Mini is between two books.
米妮在两本书中间。
Winston is above Mini.
温斯顿在米妮的上方。
Let’s sum up the rules! 规则总结
Prepositions of position are generally followed by nouns or pronouns.
方位介词后面通常接名词或代词。
2. Look at the picture and complete the description of Jenny’s living room with suitable prepositions.
观察图片，用合适的介词完成珍妮客厅的描述。
Jenny loves animals. She keeps many different kinds of pets (1) in her house.
珍妮喜欢动物，她在家里养了许多不同种类的宠物。
Let’s visit her living room first.
我们先参观她的客厅。
Look! There is a big desk (2) by/near the window.
看！窗户旁有一张大书桌。
(3) On it there is a computer.
书桌上有一台电脑。
Can you see Mini the Mouse? She is (4) in front of the computer.
你能看到小老鼠米妮吗？它在电脑前面。
Puppy the Dog is sleeping (5) under the chair and Winston the Cat is playing (6) beside/next to Puppy!
小狗帕皮正在椅子下面睡觉，猫咪温斯顿正在帕皮旁边玩耍！
(7) Above/Beside the desk there is a plant with two parrots sitting on it.
书桌上方/旁边有一盆植物，两只鹦鹉停在上面。
They are Polly and Pip. And if you watch carefully, you’ll find Jenny’s tortoises Jack and Jill (8) on the books on the shelf.
它们是波莉和皮普。如果你仔细观察，会发现珍妮的乌龟杰克和吉尔在书架的书本上。
Grammar in use
3. Take pictures of your pets or other animals you see. Talk about the animals in your pictures. Use reflexive pronouns and prepositions of position in your description.
给你的宠物或你见到的其他动物拍照，描述照片里的动物，描述中使用反身代词和方位介词。
Look! The dog under the table is Bobby. He is smart and can take care of my grandpa. He brings the newspaper to Grandpa. …
看！桌子下面的狗是鲍比，它很聪明，能照顾我的爷爷，它给爷爷送报纸……
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Section 3 Expressing and communicating ideas
Speaking Talking about farm animals
Think: What can animals provide for us?
思考：动物能为我们提供什么？
Discuss in groups why farm animals are important to people. Look at the example and use the list below to help you.
小组讨论为什么农场动物对人类很重要，参考示例，用下面的清单辅助讨论。
Farm animals can:
农场动物可以：
- carry goods / transport people 运送货物/载人
- guard the farm 守护农场
- provide food (milk, honey, …) 提供食物（牛奶、蜂蜜等）
- provide material for clothes (wool, …) 提供制作衣物的材料（羊毛等）
- watch over (the sheep, …) 看管（绵羊等）
- work on the fields 在田里劳作
S1: Farm animals are very useful.
农场动物非常有用。
S2: Yes, they can give us food and material for clothes.
是的，它们能为我们提供食物和制作衣物的材料。
S3: That’s right! Chickens, pigs and cows provide us with meat, cows …, and sheep …
没错！鸡、猪、牛为我们提供肉类，奶牛……，绵羊……
S4: And don’t forget about the animals that work for us. For example, dogs …, horses … and …
别忘了为我们劳作的动物，例如狗……、马……还有……
Improving your pronunciation
Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the letters in blue.
听录音并跟读，注意蓝色字母的发音。
/sk/ desk 书桌；skate 滑冰
/st/ stay 停留；story 故事
/sm/ smell 闻；smart 聪明的
/pl/ place 地方；play 玩耍
/kw/ queen 女王；quickly 快速地
/sp/ respect 尊重；speak 说话
/sl/ sleep 睡觉；slide 滑动
/sn/ snail 蜗牛；snow 雪
/pr/ preposition 介词；protect 保护
/tw/ between 在……之间；twenty 二十
(1) Stanley is a smart snail that moves slowly but steadily.
斯坦利是一只聪明的蜗牛，移动缓慢但平稳。
(2) The queen’s parrot can “speak” about twenty languages and the foreign guests are pleased to ask him a lot of questions. That’s a lot of practice.
女王的鹦鹉能“说”大约20种语言，外国客人很乐意问它很多问题，这真是大量的练习。
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Writing Writing a story about an animal
Teen Life Magazine is calling for stories about amazing animals. Your story can either be based on a news report or a real‑life experience.
《青少年生活》杂志正在征集关于神奇动物的故事，你的故事可以基于新闻报道或真实经历。
1. Wang Yao made an outline before she wrote her story. Read her outline and story to see how she organized her ideas.
王瑶写故事前先列了大纲，阅读她的大纲和故事，学习她的思路组织方式。
Time: last month 时间：上个月
Place: the sea 地点：海边
Character(s): a dolphin, a shark, Sam 人物：海豚、鲨鱼、萨姆
Beginning: went swimming, saw a shark, was scared 开头：去游泳、看见鲨鱼、感到害怕
Middle: a dolphin appeared, pushed Sam away from the shark, Sam sat on its back 中间：海豚出现、推开萨姆远离鲨鱼、萨姆坐在海豚背上
End: Sam stepped onto the beach, the dolphin saved his life 结尾：萨姆登上沙滩、海豚救了他的命
Saved by a dolphin 被海豚拯救
Yesterday, a news report caught my attention. Something very scary happened to a boy named Sam.
昨天，一则新闻报道引起了我的注意，一个名叫萨姆的男孩遭遇了可怕的事。
Last month, Sam went for a swim in the sea. He swam far out into the sea.
上个月，萨姆去海里游泳，他游到了大海深处。
Then he saw something moving near him. It was huge and grey with a large fin. It was a shark!
然后他看见有东西在他附近移动，那东西体型巨大、呈灰色，长着巨大的鱼鳍——是一条鲨鱼！
Sam began to swim back, but the beach was too far away. The shark was getting closer. Sam was really scared.
萨姆开始往回游，但沙滩太远了，鲨鱼越来越近，萨姆非常害怕。
Suddenly a big animal appeared next to Sam in the water. It was a dolphin!
突然，一个巨大的动物出现在萨姆身边的水里，是一只海豚！
It pushed him away from the shark. Sam sat on the dolphin’s back and it took him back to the beach.
它把萨姆推离鲨鱼，萨姆坐在海豚背上，海豚把他送回了沙滩。
Luckily, the shark did not follow Sam. As soon as he was safe on the beach, the dolphin swam away.
幸运的是，鲨鱼没有追赶萨姆。萨姆一安全登上沙滩，海豚就游走了。
Sam said he would always remember this friendly dolphin—it saved his life!
萨姆说他会永远记住这只友善的海豚，是它救了自己的命！
Page 61
2. Now write your own story.
现在写你自己的故事。
Step 1 Plan: Plan your story with an outline. Use Wang Yao’s story in Exercise 1 as an example.
步骤1 构思：列大纲规划你的故事，参考练习1中王瑶的故事。
Step 2 Write: Write your story. Try to give it an eye‑catching title.
步骤2 写作：写你的故事，尝试起一个吸引人的标题。
Step 3 Check and revise: Tick (✓) the boxes to check your writing, and then revise it.
步骤3 检查修改：勾选方框检查你的作文，然后修改。
- I made an outline to organize the story clearly.
我列了大纲，清晰规划了故事。
- I used the past tense and suitable transitional words to tell the story.
我使用了一般过去式和合适的过渡词讲述故事。
- I used the words and expressions I learnt in this unit.
我使用了本单元学过的单词和短语。
- I used correct spelling, grammar and punctuation.
我的拼写、语法、标点符号使用正确。
Page 62
Section 4 Extending and developing competencies
Focusing on culture
Think: How did wild animals become our friends and helpers?
思考：野生动物如何成为我们的朋友和帮手？
Many farm animals and pets used to be wild animals. How did they become our friends and helpers? Let’s find out what happened.
许多农场动物和宠物曾经是野生动物，它们如何成为我们的朋友和帮手？我们来探寻缘由。
1. Read the article about domestication and find out how animals were domesticated.
阅读关于驯化的文章，了解动物是如何被驯化的。
The story of domestication 驯化的故事
Long ago, dogs, sheep and cows used to be wild animals. How did they turn into pets and farm animals? Let’s find out!
很久以前，狗、绵羊、奶牛都是野生动物，它们如何变成宠物和农场动物？我们来探寻！
Dogs 狗
The story of domestication started somewhere in Asia, about 15,000 to 23,000 years ago.
驯化的故事大约在15000至23000年前，始于亚洲某地。
Back then, people moved across the land. They hunted large animals and often left meat on the ground.
那时，人类四处迁徙，猎杀大型动物，经常把肉留在地上。
This attracted wolves, and they probably began following the hunters.
这吸引了狼群，它们大概开始跟随猎人。
Some people started catching baby wolves. They trained these young wolves to hunt with them.
一些人类开始捕捉狼崽，训练这些幼狼和他们一起狩猎。
With every generation, people kept wolves with “friendly” genes.
一代又一代，人类饲养拥有“友善”基因的狼。
Over thousands of years, these pet wolves turned into dogs.
数千年来，这些被饲养的狼慢慢变成了狗。
Sheep 绵羊
Around 13,000 years ago, people in West Asia began to domesticate animals like sheep.
大约13000年前，西亚的人类开始驯化绵羊这类动物。
Sheep are small and not very dangerous, and they move in big groups and follow their leader.
绵羊体型小、没有太大危险性，它们成群活动，跟随头领。
This makes them easy to domesticate.
这让它们很容易被驯化。
They became an important source of meat.
它们成为重要的肉类来源。
Later, the farmers also learnt how to make clothes from their wool.
后来，农民也学会了用它们的羊毛制作衣物。
Cows 奶牛
People in West Asia started to domesticate aurochs — a kind of wild ox — sometime after 8000 BCE.
公元前8000年后，西亚的人类开始驯化原牛——一种野生公牛。
Aurochs are now extinct, but they used to live all over Europe and Asia.
原牛现已灭绝，但它们曾经遍布欧洲和亚洲。
They provided people with milk and meat, and they were also good working animals.
它们为人类提供牛奶和肉类，也是优秀的劳作动物。
As with other animals, people chose to keep aurochs with “good” genes, and the animals slowly turned into the cows we see today.
和其他动物一样，人类选择饲养拥有“优良”基因的原牛，这些动物慢慢变成了我们如今看到的奶牛。
Over many thousands of years, pets and farm animals changed because of human efforts.
数千年来，宠物和农场动物因人类的干预而发生改变。
The story of domestication still continues today.
驯化的故事至今仍在继续。
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2. Complete the table with the information from the article on page 62.
用第62页文章的信息完成表格。
The earliest domesticated animals 最早被驯化的动物
Dogs 狗
Time: (1) about 15,000 to 23,000 years ago 时间：大约15000至23000年前
Place: (2) somewhere in Asia 地点：亚洲某地
- They helped people (3) hunt large animals.
它们帮助人类猎杀大型动物。
Sheep 绵羊
Time: (4) around 13,000 years ago 时间：大约13000年前
Place: (5) West Asia 地点：西亚
- They provided people with (6) meat and wool.
它们为人类提供肉类和羊毛。
Cows 奶牛
Time: (7) after 8000 BCE 时间：公元前8000年后
Place: (8) West Asia 地点：西亚
- They provided people with (9) milk and meat.
它们为人类提供牛奶和肉类。
- They were (10) good working animals.
它们是优秀的劳作动物。
3. Complete the sentences with the words below. Change the form if necessary.
用下面的单词完成句子，必要时变换形式。
effort 努力；extinct 灭绝的；probably 大概；somewhere 某处；source 来源
(1) Many years ago, some wild animals, such as wolves, probably began living closer to humans to get food.
许多年前，一些野生动物，例如狼，大概为了获取食物，开始靠近人类生活。
(2) Thanks to the efforts of early farmers, many different animals were domesticated.
多亏了早期农民的努力，许多不同的动物被驯化。
(3) Sheep were domesticated because they were a good source of meat.
绵羊被驯化，因为它们是优质的肉类来源。
(4) The farmer needed somewhere to keep his horses in winter.
这位农民需要一处地方，在冬天饲养他的马。
(5) Aurochs went extinct in the wild, and their domesticated relatives developed into the cows we see today.
野生原牛灭绝了，它们被驯化的近亲慢慢变成了我们如今看到的奶牛。
4. Discuss the questions below.
讨论下面的问题。
(1) Why were dogs, sheep and cows domesticated first?
为什么狗、绵羊、奶牛最先被驯化？
(2) How do these domesticated animals benefit us today, and how would our lives be different without them?
这些被驯化的动物如今如何造福人类？如果没有它们，我们的生活会有什么不同？
Exploring more
Search the internet and find out how other animals, such as cats, pigs and camels were domesticated.
上网查找猫、猪、骆驼等其他动物的驯化过程。
Page 64
Cross‑curricular connection Biological science 跨学科拓展 生物科学
Bees are very different from other animals: they live together in huge groups called colonies.
蜜蜂和其他动物大不相同：它们群居生活，庞大的群体叫作蜂群。
Let’s find out more about the life of bees!
我们来深入了解蜜蜂的生活！
The life cycle of bees 蜜蜂的生命周期
Bees live in colonies. Colonies are made of wax cells.
蜜蜂生活在蜂群里，蜂群由蜂蜡蜂房构成。
There are three types of bees in a colony.
一个蜂群里有三种蜜蜂。
This is a queen bee. She is the biggest bee. There is only one queen in a colony. She lays the eggs.
这是蜂王，它是体型最大的蜜蜂。一个蜂群里只有一只蜂王，负责产卵。
This is a drone. Drones are male bees. Their main job is to mate with the queen.
这是雄蜂，雄蜂是雄性蜜蜂，主要工作是和蜂王交配。
This is a worker bee. Worker bees are female. They build the colony and they clean it too. They look after the young bees. They make honey with the things they collect from flowers.
这是工蜂，工蜂是雌性蜜蜂。它们建造并清扫蜂群，照顾幼蜂，用从花朵上采集的物质酿造蜂蜜。
From EGG to BEE 从卵到蜜蜂
The queen lays eggs in the cells. There are three different kinds of cells: for the new queen, for the drones and for the workers.
蜂王在蜂房里产卵，蜂房分三种：供新蜂王、雄蜂、工蜂使用。
After three days, the eggs hatch into grubs.
三天后，卵孵化成幼虫。
The grubs grow a head and a body with two parts. They grow six legs and four wings.
幼虫长出头部和两段式躯干，长出六条腿和四只翅膀。
Then the young bees come out of the cell.
之后幼蜂破房而出。
The three types of bees have different development times.
三种蜜蜂的生长周期时长不同。
It takes about 16 days for a queen bee to grow from an egg to an adult.
蜂王从卵长成成蜂大约需要16天。
A drone takes about 21 days and a worker bee takes about 24 days.
雄蜂大约需要21天，工蜂大约需要24天。
Queen bees 蜂王
- What do they do? (1) Lay eggs.
它们做什么？产卵。
- Development time: (2) about 16 days
生长周期：大约16天
Drones 雄蜂
- What do they do? (3) Mate with the queen.
它们做什么？和蜂王交配。
- Development time: (4) about 21 days
生长周期：大约21天
Worker bees 工蜂
- What do they do? (5) Build/clean the colony, look after young bees, make honey.
它们做什么？建造/清扫蜂群、照顾幼蜂、酿造蜂蜜。
- Development time: (6) about 24 days
生长周期：大约24天
2. Do you know any other interesting facts about bees? Discuss in groups.
你知道蜜蜂的其他有趣知识吗？小组讨论。
。。
对应知识点专项练习题+逐题解析（适配七年级下册，对应你之前整理的笔记）
一、词汇拼写/词性填空（基础必练）
1. 用所给词适当形式填空
1. He is a ________ (power) man.（他是一个有影响力的人）
错误答案：power
正确答案：powerful
解析：man是名词，名词前用形容词修饰；power名词，powerful形容词（强大的、有影响力的）。
2. He ________ (instruct) that a wall should be built around the city.
错误答案：instruct
正确答案：instructed
解析：句子为过去发生的动作，动词用过去式；instruct过去式直接+ed。
3. Driving ________ (be) exciting.（驾驶很刺激）
错误答案：are
正确答案：is
解析：动名词作主语，谓语动词用三单形式。
二、语法单选（高频易错）
1. The book ______ him many things.
A. teach B. teaches C. teaching
错误答案：A
正确答案：B
解析：the book是单数主语（三单），一般现在时动词+es，teach→teaches。
2. About 70% of the Earth’s surface ______ water.
A. is B. are
错误答案：B
正确答案：A
解析：surface（表面）为不可数，百分数+不可数名词，谓语用单数。
3. Fresh water ______ very important for us.
A. be B. is C. are
错误答案：C
正确答案：B
解析：fresh water淡水，不可数名词，谓语动词用is。
三、短语/介词填空（Unit five Water 重点）
1. the surface ______ the Earth 地球表面
错误答案：in
正确答案：of
解析：固定搭配 the surface of……的表面。
2. We use water ______ drinking.（我们用水饮用）
错误答案：for / to（混淆）
正确答案：for
解析：use sth. for doing 用某物做某事；use sth. to do 后接动词原形。
四、句子翻译（作文必背）
1. 仅有大约3%是淡水。
错误翻译：Only about 3% are fresh water.
正确翻译：Only about 3% is fresh water.
解析：water不可数，百分数指代不可数名词，be动词用is。
。。
七年级下册 Unit4 Our animal Friends
一、全文课文完整中文翻译（整篇精读翻译）
A blind man and his “eyes”
约翰·丹斯总是和查理一起出行。
一天晚上，在一家酒店里，查理救了他的命。
约翰到达酒店时，前台服务员对他说：“晚上好，先生。”
接着他看到了查理。
“先生，您可以入住，但我们这里不允许带宠物。抱歉！”前台解释道。
“查理不是宠物。”约翰说。
“他是我的眼睛！我是盲人，我自己很难独自出行。我需要他带路。”
前台服务员道歉，并带领约翰和查理进入了房间。
天色已晚。忙碌了一整天，约翰非常疲惫。
他上床很快就睡着了。查理睡在床边。
突然，查理开始吠叫。
约翰醒来，闻到了烟味。浓烟从门缝下面钻了进来。
约翰知道已经不能从门口出去了。
房间在八楼，他们也不能从窗户跳出去。
他们必须想办法挡住浓烟。
在查理的帮助下，约翰用湿衣服堵住了门缝底部。
然后他趴在地上，靠着查理等待救援。
每一分钟都像一个小时那么漫长。
随后他听到了消防车的声音。
这个声音对他来说无比悦耳。
不久，消防员从窗户进入房间。
消防员找到约翰，立刻扶他起来，准备带他离开大楼。
但约翰不愿意抛下他的“眼睛”独自离开。
最后，消防员把约翰和查理都安全救出了大楼。
二、本单元【四大核心语法 + 大量必考例句】
语法1：反身代词（本单元最高频必考）
8个反身代词
myself 我自己
yourself 你自己
himself 他自己
herself 她自己
itself 它自己
ourselves 我们自己
yourselves 你们自己
themselves 他们自己
必考固定搭配 + 例句
1. by oneself 独自
I can finish homework by myself.
我可以独自完成作业。
2. enjoy oneself 玩得开心
We enjoyed ourselves yesterday.
我们昨天玩得很开心。
3. help oneself 自取、随便吃
Help yourself to some fruit.
随便吃点水果。
4. take care of oneself 照顾自己
Kids should take care of themselves.
孩子应该照顾好自己。
语法2：方位介词（填空、看图必考）
in 在里面
on 在上面（接触）
under 在正下方
behind 在后面
in front of 在前面
beside 在旁边
between 在两者之间
above 在正上方
例句：
The cat is under the chair. 猫在椅子下面。
The ball is between the two boxes. 球在两个盒子中间。
语法3：一般过去式（整篇课文时态，必考）
本单元故事全部发生在过去，动词全部变过去式
allow—allowed
apologize—apologized
fall—fell
wake—woke
start—started
例句：
He fell asleep last night.
他昨晚睡着了。
He apologized to me.
他向我道歉。
语法4：重点动词短语（单选、完形必考）
1. allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
My parents allow me to play sports.
2. apologize to sb. 向某人道歉
3. fall asleep 入睡
4. wake up 醒来
5. get around 四处走动
6. without … 没有……
He can’t go without his dog.
他不能丢下狗离开。
三、课本练习 标准答案 + 逐题解析
1、词汇填空（P55）
1. allow 允许
解析：doesn’t + 动词原形
2. smoke 烟（名词）
3. apologize 道歉
4. fall asleep 入睡
5. fire engine 消防车
2、短文填空 标准答案
fell asleep / allow / apologized / smoke / fire engine
解析重点：
故事是过去发生，全部用过去式
fell / apologized 是易错变形
3、阅读理解问答题（考试可直接默写）
1. When did the story happen?
One night.
2. Where did the story happen?
In a hotel.
3. Why did Charlie bark?
Because there was a fire/smoke.
4. How did John stop the smoke?
He put wet clothes along the bottom of the door.
5. What’s the ending?
The fireman saved them safely.
四、单元易错点解析（孩子90%会错）
1. between 只能用于两者之间
三者以上用 among
2. 反身代词绝对不能混用单复数
ourselves ✅ ourself ❌
themselves ✅ theirself ❌
3. without 后面直接加名词，不加to
4. 过去式考试必考，绝对不能写原形
五、Unit4 完整复习总结（考前背诵版）
1. 单元主题
动物是人类的朋友，动物可以帮助人类、拯救人类，我们要爱护动物。
2. 必考三大题型
- 反身代词单选、填空
- 方位介词看图填空
- 过去式短文填空
3. 必考万能句（作文直接套）
1. Animals are our good friends.
动物是我们的好朋友。
2. Animals can help people a lot.
动物可以帮人类很多忙。
3. We should protect animals.
我们应该保护动物。
4. 核心答题套路
只要看到：独自、自己 → 必选反身代词
只要看到昨天、刚才、故事 → 动词变过去式
只要看到位置关系 → 用方位介词
。。
Unit 4 Our animal friends 全文文字
第50页
Key question
Why are animals important to us?
Unit objectives
I can:
- tell stories about how animals help human beings.
- explain why animals are important to us.
- understand the relationship between humans and animals.
- describe how wild animals became our friends and helpers.
第51页
First thoughts
Ways that animals help us
Guide dogs help blind people get around.
Things animals provide
Bees provide us with honey.
My experience with animals
Think
- How do animals help us?
- Why are animals our friends?
- What can animals provide for us?
- How did wild animals become our friends and helpers?
（手写笔记）
dogs help us
1. hunt animals
2. look after sheep
3. catch thieves
4. save people in danger
5. guard homes
6. help blind people get around
第52页
Section 1 Experiencing and understanding language
Reading
Before you read
Look at the pictures below and discuss how animals help us.
dogs、dolphins、cows、bees、hens、sheep
Some dogs can become guide dogs. They lead the way for blind people.
Sheep are also useful animals. They provide wool so we can make warm clothes.
第53页
Read the story of a blind man and his "eyes" and find out what "eyes" means in the title.
A blind man and his "eyes"
John Dancer always travelled together with Charlie. One night at a hotel, Charlie saved his life.
“Good evening, sir,” said the receptionist when John arrived at the hotel. Then he saw Charlie.
“Sir, you’re welcome to stay, but we don’t allow pets here. Sorry!” he explained.
“Charlie isn’t a pet,” said John. “He’s my eyes! I’m blind, and it’s hard for me to get around by myself. I need him to show me where to go.”
The receptionist apologized and led John and Charlie to their room.
It was late. John was very tired after a long day. He went to bed and soon fell asleep. Charlie was sleeping beside the bed. Suddenly, Charlie started barking. John woke up and smelt smoke. A fire started to come in from under the door. John knew they couldn’t get out that way now. Their room was on the 8th floor, so they couldn’t climb out of the window. They had to do something to stop the smoke. With Charlie’s help, John put some wet clothes along the bottom of the door. Then he got down on the floor next to Charlie and waited. The minutes seemed like hours. Then he heard it—the sound of a fire engine. It was music to his ears.
Before long, a fireman arrived and got in the room from the window. When he found John, he quickly helped him get up and tried to get him out of the building. But John would not go without his “eyes”.
Finally, the fireman got both John and Charlie out of the building safely.
Reading strategy: Making inferences from context clues
Good readers use context clues and their background knowledge to find out what the writer doesn’t directly mention in the text.
In this story, the writer doesn’t tell us who Charlie is. But with the picture and the context clues (e.g. Charlie isn’t a pet … and He’s my eyes.), we can figure out that Charlie is a guide dog.
① bark /bɑːk/ v.（狗）吠叫 ② inference /ˈɪnfərəns/ n. 推断的结果；结论
（手写笔记）Four Elements of a story 1.Setting 2.Character 3.Plot 4.Theme
第54页
Reading comprehension
1 The pictures show the story on page 53. Put the pictures in the correct order and write the numbers 1–6 in the boxes.
a 2 b 6 c 1 d 4 e 3 f 5
2 Read the story again and answer the questions.
(1) When and where did the story take place?
One night. In the hotel.
(2) Why did Charlie start barking suddenly?
Because it was a fire. Charlie smelt the smoke and wanted to wake John up.
(3) How did John stop the smoke coming into the room?
John put some wet clothes along the bottom of the floor door.
(4) What does the writer mean by “It was music to his ears”?
Because they will save. It means that John was very happy to hear the fire engine.
(5) What happened in the end?
John and Charlie both save.
3 Discuss the questions below.
(1) Did John save Charlie, or did Charlie save John? Why?
(2) Why did John say that “Charlie isn’t a pet”? How would you describe the relationship between John and Charlie?
第55页
Vocabulary practice
1 Complete the sentences with the words and phrases below. Change the form if necessary.
allow apologize fall asleep fire engine smoke
(1) The restaurant doesn’t allow dogs, so we cannot bring our dog with us.
(2) We lit the fire but the smoke got in our eyes, so we had to put it out.
(3) When you apologize to someone, you say sorry to him or her.
(4) I find it hard to fall asleep when there is a lot of noise outside.
(5) A(n) fire engine carries water and equipment for putting out fires.
2 Complete the passage with the words and phrases from Exercise 1. Change the form if necessary.
The weather was really nice yesterday, so I took Flash for a walk on the beach. Flash was a retired search‑and‑rescue dog. It was hot, so I lay down on the sand. After a few minutes, I (1) fell asleep.
When I woke up, I couldn’t see Flash. I looked around the beach until I finally found him. He was barking loudly outside a small restaurant on the beach. When he saw me, Flash ran into the kitchen. The owner of the restaurant was not happy. “We don’t (2) allow dogs in our restaurant!” he said. I (3) apologized to the restaurant owner and went to get Flash. Then I found out why Flash was barking so loudly. There was (4) smoke coming out of the kitchen! I told the owner and after a few minutes a(n) (5) fire engine arrived to put the fire out. The restaurant owner said thank you to both of us and gave Flash a piece of chicken.
3 Make sentences about what happened to John and Charlie with the words and phrases below.
allow apologize blind fall asleep get down have to do something to … travel with … wake up with Charlie’s help would not go without …
Collocation
We often use certain words together. This is called collocation.
They arrived at a hotel.
They arrived in London.
We are running out of time.
I turned off the light.
Can you give more examples of collocation?
第56页
Listening: Different types of dogs
Think: Why are animals our friends?
1 Different dogs can help people in different ways. Discuss in pairs how the dogs below can help people.
a guide dog a search‑and‑rescue dog an acting dog
a police dog a service dog
S1: What can a search‑and‑rescue dog do?
S2: It can help find people after natural disasters.
2 David is interviewing people about their working dogs. Listen to the interview and match the names of the dogs with their work.
(1) Billy a acting dog
(2) Suzy b guide dog
(3) Winnie c police dog
(4) Bobby d search‑and‑rescue dog
3 Listen again and complete the notes below.
Billy
- Billy works at the airport.
- Billy smells people’s bags to find (1) ____________.
Suzy
- Suzy is Jane’s pet dog. When two hotel guests (2) ____________, she helped the rescue team find them.
- David thinks Suzy is (3) ____________.
Winnie
- Winnie appears on TV very often.
- She cannot act when she is (4) ____________.
Bobby
- Bobby is Tom’s (5) ____________.
- He helps Tom (6) ____________.
Your ideas
4 People often say, “Dogs are man’s best friend.” What is your understanding of this sentence? Discuss in groups.
第57页
Section 2 Exploring and applying rules
Grammar
A Reflexive pronouns
We use a reflexive pronoun as the object to refer back to the subject of a sentence.
We can also use a reflexive pronoun to emphasize that someone does something on his / her own.
Barbara the baby sheep is talking about different farm animals. Read what Barbara says and pay attention to the words in bold.
Hi. I’m Barbara! I’m a baby sheep. I could walk by myself right after birth. That baby horse is my friend Pony. She can already run very fast by herself. We can both take care of ourselves now. We like playing with the ducklings on the farm. Right now, they are looking at themselves in the pond. How cute!
Let’s sum up the rules!
We form reflexive pronouns like this:
I—myself you (sing.)—yourself he—himself she—herself
it—itself we—ourselves you (pl.)—yourselves they—themselves
1 Ms Zhang is introducing her dog to the host of a podcast. Use reflexive pronouns to help her complete the introduction.
We all have to take care of (1) ____________, but we sometimes need help. I was very sick last month and couldn’t walk by (2) ____________. My husband and daughter were not in the city then. Luckily, I have Bobby. Bobby is my dog, and he helped me a lot. He turned the lights on and off for me, brought me things and answered the door for me! He even got out his own food and fed (3) ____________ without any help from me! If you need a great helper, find (4) ____________ a good dog! Dogs are very clever animals, and they can do a lot of things for people.
B Prepositions of position
We use prepositions of position (e.g. in, on, under, in front of, behind) to talk about where somebody or something is.
第58页
Jenny has two pets—Mini the Mouse and Winston the Cat. Look at the pictures below and find where they are. Pay attention to the words in bold.
Mini is in a bowl. Winston is next to / beside the bowl.
Mini is on a shelf. Winston is under the shelf.
Mini is in front of a TV. Winston is behind the TV.
Mini is between two books. Winston is above Mini.
Let’s sum up the rules!
Prepositions of position are generally followed by nouns or pronouns.
2 Look at the picture and complete the description of Jenny’s living room with suitable prepositions.
Jenny loves animals. She keeps many different kinds of pets (1) ____________ her house. Let’s visit her living room first. Look! There is a big desk (2) ____________ the window. (3) ____________ it there is a computer. Can you see Mini the Mouse? She is (4) ____________ the computer. Puppy the Dog is sleeping (5) ____________ the chair and Winston the Cat is playing (6) ____________ Puppy! (7) ____________ the desk there is a plant with two parrots¹ sitting on it. They are Polly and Pip. And if you watch carefully, you’ll find Jenny’s tortoises² Jack and Jill (8) ____________ the books on the shelf.
① parrot /ˈpærət/ n. 鹦鹉 ② tortoise /ˈtɔːtəs/ n. 陆龟
Grammar in use
3 Take pictures of your pets or other animals you see. Talk about the animals in your pictures. Use reflexive pronouns and prepositions of position in your description.
Look! The dog under the table is Bobby. He is smart and can take care of my grandpa. He brings the newspaper to Grandpa. …
第59页
Section 3 Expressing and communicating ideas
Speaking: Talking about farm animals
Think: What can animals provide for us?
Discuss in groups why farm animals are important to people. Look at the example and use the list below to help you.
Farm animals can:
- carry goods / transport people
- guard the farm
- provide food (milk, honey, …)
- provide material for clothes (wool, …)
- watch over (the sheep, …)
- work on the fields
- …
S1: Farm animals are very useful.
S2: Yes, they can give us food and material for clothes.
S3: That’s right! Chickens, pigs and cows provide us with meat, cows …, and sheep …
S4: And don’t forget about the animals that work for us. For example, dogs …, horses … and …
Improving your pronunciation
Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the letters in blue.
/sk/ desk skate /sp/ respect speak
/st/ stay story /sl/ sleep slide
/sm/ smell smart /sn/ snail snow
/pl/ place play /pr/ preposition protect
/kw/ queen quickly /tw/ between twenty
(1) Stanley is a smart snail¹ that moves slowly but steadily².
(2) The queen’s parrot can “speak” about twenty languages and the foreign guests are pleased to ask him a lot of questions. That’s a lot of practice.
① snail /sneɪl/ n. 蜗牛 ② steadily /ˈstedəli/ adv. 稳定地
第60页
Writing: Writing a story about an animal
Teen Life Magazine is calling for stories about amazing animals. Your story can either be based on a news report or a real‑life experience.
1 Wang Yao made an outline before she wrote her story. Read her outline and story to see how she organized her ideas.
Outline
Time: last month Place: the sea Character(s): a dolphin, a shark, Sam
Beginning: went swimming, saw a shark, was scared
Middle: a dolphin appeared, pushed Sam away from the shark, Sam sat on its back
End: Sam stepped onto the beach, the dolphin saved his life
Saved by a dolphin
Yesterday, a news report caught my attention. Something very scary happened to a boy named Sam.
Last month, Sam went for a swim in the sea. He swam far out into the sea. Then he saw something moving near him. It was huge and grey, with a large fin¹. It was a shark! Sam began to swim back, but the beach was too far away. The shark was getting closer. Sam was really scared.
Suddenly a big animal appeared next to Sam in the water. It was a dolphin! It pushed him away from the shark. Sam sat on the dolphin’s back and it took him back to the beach.
Luckily, when Sam got to the beach, the shark did not follow Sam. As soon as he was safe on the beach, the dolphin swam away.
Sam said he would always remember this friendly dolphin—it saved his life!
① fin /fɪn/ n. 鳍
第61页
2 Now write your own story.
Step 1 Plan
Plan your story with an outline. Use Wang Yao’s story in Exercise 1 as an example.
Step 2 Write
Write your story. Try to give it an eye‑catching title.
（空白书写区域）
Step 3 Check and revise
Tick (✓) the boxes to check your writing, and then revise it.
- □ I made an outline to organize the story clearly.
- □ I used the past tense and suitable transitional words to tell the story.
- □ I used the words and expressions I learnt in this unit.
- □ I used correct spelling, grammar and punctuation.
第62页
Section 4 Extending and developing competencies
Focusing on culture
Think: How did wild animals become our friends and helpers?
Many farm animals and pets used to be wild animals. How did they become our friends and helpers? Let’s find out what happened.
1 Read the article about domestication¹ and find out how animals were domesticated.
The story of domestication
Long ago, dogs, sheep and cows used to be wild animals. How did they turn into pets and farm animals? Let’s find out!
Dogs
The story of domestication started somewhere in Asia, about 15,000 to 23,000 years ago. Back then, people moved across the land. They hunted large animals and often left meat on the ground. This attracted wolves, and they probably began following the hunters. Some people started catching baby wolves. They trained these young wolves to hunt with them. With every generation, people kept wolves with “friendly” genes². Over thousands of years, these pet wolves turned into dogs.
Sheep
Around 13,000 years ago, people in West Asia began to domesticate animals like sheep. Sheep are small and not very dangerous, and they move in big groups and follow their leader. This makes them easy to domesticate. They became an important source of meat. Later, the farmers also learnt how to make clothes from their wool.
Cows
People in West Asia started to domesticate aurochs³—a kind of wild ox⁴—sometime after 8000 BCE. Aurochs are now extinct, but they used to live all over Europe and Asia. They provided people with milk and meat, and they were also good working animals. As with other animals, people chose to keep aurochs with “good” genes, and the animals slowly turned into the cows we see today.
Over many thousands of years, pets and farm animals changed because of human efforts. The story of domestication still continues today.
① domestication /dəˌmestɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. 驯养；驯化 ② gene /dʒiːn/ n. 基因
③ aurochs /ˈɔːrɒks/ n. 古代野牛 ④ ox /ɒks/ n. 牛
（手写笔记）be considered as 被视作；train sb. to do sth.；be in charge of 管理；cause sb. to do；become a source of；attitude 态度，看法；physical 身体的
第63页
The history of domestication
dog(15000 BCE)、sheep、goat、pig、cow、chicken、cat、horse、donkey、turkey(5000 BCE) Asia(蓝色)、Africa(红色)、North America(绿色) Present
2 Complete the table with the information from the article on page 62.
The earliest domesticated animals
Dogs Sheep Cows
Time: (1) ____________ Time: (4) ____________ Time: (7) ____________
Place: (2) ____________ Place: (5) ____________ Place: (8) ____________
• They helped people (3) ____________. • They provided people with (6) ____________. • They provided people with (9) ____________. • They were (10) ____________.
3 Complete the sentences with the words below. Change the form if necessary.
effort extinct probably somewhere source
(1) Many years ago, some wild animals, such as wolves, ____________ began living closer to humans to get food.
(2) Thanks to the ____________ of early farmers, many different animals were domesticated.
(3) Sheep were domesticated because they were a good ____________ of meat.
(4) The farmer needed ____________ to keep his horses in winter.
(5) Aurochs went ____________ in the wild, and their domesticated relatives developed into the cows we see today.
Your ideas
4 Discuss the questions below.
(1) Why were dogs, sheep and cows domesticated first?
(2) How do these domesticated animals benefit us today, and how would our lives be different without them?
Exploring more
Search the internet and find out how other animals, such as cats, pigs and camels were domesticated.
（手写笔记）current 现存的；interaction 交际；contribution 贡献；diverse 各不相同的；crucial 至关重要的；vital 极重要的；various 不同的；fate 命运；ecosystem 生态系统；reproduction 繁殖
第64页
Cross‑curricular connection: Biological science
Bees are very different from other animals: they live together in huge groups called colonies¹. Let’s find out more about the life of bees!
1 Read the text about the life cycle of bees and complete the table.
The life cycle of bees
Bees live in colonies. Colonies are made of wax² cells. There are three types of bees in a colony.
This is a queen bee. She is the biggest bee. There is only one queen in a colony. She lays the eggs.
This is a drone. Drones are male bees. Their main job is to mate⁴ with the queen.
This is a worker bee. Worker bees are female. They build the colony and they clean it too. They look after the young bees. They make honey with the things they collect from flowers.
From EGG to BEE
The queen lays eggs in the cells. There are three different kinds of cells: for the new queen, for the drones and for the workers.
After three days, the eggs hatch into grubs⁵. The grubs grow a head and a body with two parts. They grow six legs and four wings. Then the young bees come out of the cell. The three types of bees have different development times. It takes about 16 days for a queen bee to grow from an egg to an adult. A drone takes about 21 days and a worker bee takes about 24 days.
Queen bees Drones Worker bees
• What do they do? (1) ____________ • Development time: (2) ____________ • What do they do? (3) ____________ • Development time: (4) ____________ • What do they do? (5) ____________ • Development time: (6) ____________
2 Do you know any other interesting facts about bees? Discuss in groups.
① colony /ˈkɒləni/ n. 群居；群体；聚居地 ② wax /wæks/ n. 蜂蜡
③ drone /drəʊn/ n. 雄蜂 ④ mate /meɪt/ v. 交配 ⑤ grub /ɡrʌb/ n.（昆虫的）幼虫
（手写笔记）a wide range of 大范围的；hatch into 孵化；make contribution to sth.；contribute to sth.；transfer；biodiversity 生物多样性；mate with 交配
第65页
Checking your progress
Project: Making a presentation on our animal friends
In this project, you are going to work in groups and make a presentation about an animal.
Step 1
Think about different animals around us (e.g. pets, farm animals) and choose one for your presentation. Then brainstorm ideas in groups. Use the questions below to help you.
- What can this animal do for us?
- Are there any interesting stories about the animal (e.g. stories from the people around you, news reports, famous legends)?
- What can we do for this animal?
- …
Step 2
Plan your presentation and make slides. Remember to:
- keep the content simple and easy to understand
- find suitable images for each slide
- use clear and correct language
Horses — our animal friends
by Group 1
My first encounter with a horse
What can horses do for us?
What can we do for horses?
- Treat a horse gently when you ride it.
- Ensure enough space for horses to run around.
- Give them enough food and water.
- …
Step 3
Give your presentation to the class.
Wits corner
Until one has loved an animal, a part of one’s soul remains unawakened.
— Anatole France
